Eurodoc 2003, Report for France

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A. French PhD System

Doctoral studies last theoretically 4 years. The first year ("DEA") consists in half lecture courses and half training course and is validated through written and oral exams on both parts. The DEA is to be replaced by the "research master" in the Licence / Master / Doctorate process implementation. You must get this diploma to start a PhD. The PhD is made in an average of 3.4 years inside a laboratory or research team. During this time, the young researcher is still a student and belongs to a "Doctoral School" which generally offers several trainings and conferences which the student must attend to. To achieve the PhD, the young researcher writes his PhD thesis, which is reviewed by two confirmed researchers before being defended in front of a jury composed of 5 to 7 professors and researchers.

63% of the PhD students have a financial support dedicated to their PhD preparation (much less in humanities) and the lack of funding is a major problem. The ministry of research grants approximately 4000 "allocations" of 975 euros per month. Other public grants are available. Private companies, associations or other organizations can also finance PhD students. There are currently 64 000 PhD students in France, from which 40% will not finish their thesis. Lack of supervision is one of the reasons of this high proportion of desertion. Between 10 000 and 11 000 thesis are defended each year. Sources : [1][2]

B. General Questions

1. Actions, activities and prospects:

The most important action was to participate to the election in CNESER, the national council for higher education and research. CEC presented a list within the staff community and scored third in the election (11 lists were participating), winning one place out of 11 available. This is a unique opportunity for us to have a legal existence in front of the government and to be able to stand for our ideas.

There is an on-going discussion about the peculiar problems met by the PhD students in Humanities and Social Sciences. One of the 3 annual meeting of CEC was focused on this issue.

We are still following the issue related to the level of wages. In 2002, we could get a raise of the main fellowship granted by the government, who has promised another raise, but we have not seen anything yet. The whole research budget is decreasing this year, which is a major issue.

1. Percentage of PhD students who:
a. manage to complete their PhD within the allocated time period
b. manage to complete their PhD but not within the allocated time
a+b = 60%; there is no real "allocated time", it is therefore difficult to make the distinction between the two cases.

2. do not complete their PhD at all
c = 40%; the number of non-finished PhD is decreasing according to the most recent study [5]
Sources : [1]

C. Mobility

Few figures are available concerning mobility. Around 20-25% of PhD students in France are foreigners (around 15 000 people), and this numbers shows a tendency to decrease slowly. The exact number of postdoctoral fellows in France is unknown.

The number of French PhDs or postdoc abroad is also not known. A commonly approved estimation is that 400 French are preparing a PhD in the USA, and 2000 French are in postdoc there. [6]

Some examples of institutions that are promoting mobility:

• FNAK (Alfred Kastler national Foundation): not-for-profit organization whose purpose is to help foreign researchers to come to France
• CNRS web site in English: CNRS is the major research institution in France. Its web site dedicated to the new job offers has been translated in English in order to encourage foreigners to apply.

D. Career Paths in France

1. General figures:

There are no statistics available in order to evaluate how many PhD students wish to work in academia, but the general feeling is that a majority of PhD students wants to have a career in academia. A study [2] shows that one of the main reasons to begin a PhD is to work in the higher education system (second after the interest of the research itself). Another study on the University of Bourgogne [2] shows that 75% of the PhD students who have a project for their professional future at the beginning of the PhD want to work in academia (50% as teacher/researcher, 25% as pure researcher).

As the PhD is going on, and as PhD students are much aware of the reality of the job market after PhD, they tend to readjust their project to include other sector than academia.

On year after the PhD defense, 30% of PhD have a stable position in academia. 20% have a postdoctoral position or an academical position but with unsteady jobs[4]. 3 years after PhD defense, 39,7% of PhD students are working in academia with stable position, 30% in private sector and 17,5% are still in postdoc. [4]

2. Do junior researchers receive enough information about career opportunities and possibilities outside academia?

Yes and no. All figures about the reality of professional future are available and are spread around. But there is a lack in information about the diversity of opportunities outside academia, as well as how to be prepared to look for a job outside academia, and how to advertise as a PhD owner during your job search.

3. Examples of initiatives that promote careers paths outside academia:

• CIFRE: a special PhD funding involving a private company
• Association Bernard Gregory: a not-for-profit organization with strong link with the ministry of research, which promotes PhDs outside the academic sector. They organize "Doctoriales" sessions, a one-week seminar where PhD students discover the private sector. Their last idea is to add a chapter to the thesis, so that the PhD student can construct a helpful thinking about his/her PhD experience with the help of a consultant. This shall include an evaluation of the cost of the PhD, as well as an evaluation of the abilities learnt during the PhD?
• Several local associations members of the CEC are organizing breakfast meeting of PhD students with business companies' management staff.
• DocNet : a network of PhDs profile

E. Gender Equality

1. Percentage of women at different levels:

• undergraduate level; High school : ~53% women
• post-graduate level; 50% women
• PhD level; 45% of ongoing PhD are women; 40% of finished PhD in 2001 were women
• post-doctoral level; No figures available, but [4] shows that being a woman does not influence being in postdoc or not, except for women who benefited from an "allocation": they have stronger probability to be in postdoc than men in the same situation. Having "allocation" as a PhD funding increases the probability to be in postdoc, for both gender.
• associate professor level; 38% women
• professor level 16,5 % women; 20% among female researchers are professors while 44% among male researchers are professors?
• Overall, 30% of researchers in academia are women (including professor level) and 19% of researchers in private sector are women

Source : [4] + personal calculations based on figures found in [4].

2. Maternity leave

All fellowships that are not wages do not include maternity leave (nor health insurance, nor unemployment benefit, nor working accident insurance). Example : grants offered by not-for-profit organization, or by some regions (local administration)

3. Institutional initiatives to facilitate gender equality

The ministry of research has set up a working group on gender equality in science and technology in 2001. This group has produced some figures about the place of women in research and higher education system. This group aims at advising solution to promote women in science and technology Web site : http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/parite/

F. PhD Supervision and Training

1. Evaluation of PhD supervision

There is no evaluation of PhD supervision, although some supervisors receive a special treatment when supervising PhD student. The attribution of this reward is mostly based on scientific parameters. There have been some local studies:

• ADSL association enquiry (2000): http://cec.jeunes-chercheurs.org/associations/adsl/enquete2000/
• Study about the quality of supervision [2].

This document [2] shows that women are less pleased with their supervisors than men. Figures also stress out that 25% of PhD students don't feel integrated in their lab. More than 80% are satisfied with their supervisor scientific knowledge, but only 50% are satisfied with their time availability, or help provided with publication or congress preparation. Less than 30% are satisfied when coming to the job search at the end of the PhD.

In ADSL's study, more than 40% of PhD student say that their supervisor has more than 3 PhD students to supervise. 70% of the PhD students are satisfied with the supervision quality, but this satisfaction rate is directly linked with the number of other PhD students under the same supervisor: the less PhD student with a supervisor, the more satisfied the PhD student is. Only 50% of PhD student speak about their future with their supervisor.

Evaluation should involve:

• number of PhD student per supervisor
• % of funded PhD students
• frequency of meeting with supervisor
• length of PhD

2. Connection between the supervision of PhD students and the drop-out rate/length of time taken to complete the PhD

There are two main factors that explain the drop-out rate:
- lack of funding
- lack of supervision

These two factors can be connected: people receiving allocation as funding can sometimes be more integrated in their research team and therefore benefit from a better supervision. This is, at least, the feeling of some PhD students [2].

3. Relative importance of the following skills alongside the PhD itself

1 - not at all important; 2 - of average importance; 3 - extremely important

Skill	Mark
Management	1
Communication	3
Foreign language ability	3
Computer literacy	2
Teaching	2
Presenting	2
Use of resources (e.g. libraries)	3
Time management	2
Interview technique/job search	3

The availability of courses depends on the Doctoral School to which each PhD student is affiliated. We think that a large offer of trainings should be available, so that each PhD student can build his own training program. This is possible, as not only Doctoral Schools, but also research institution and universities offer trainings either to the students, or staff. These trainings should include: interdisciplinary trainings (communication, foreign language, computer, use of resources), disciplinary-oriented trainings (seminar, learning of a specific technique) and trainings to prepare the post-PhD period (which is a wider scope than interview technique/job search, including first helping the PhD to define his/her professional project and defining his/her own assets).

G. Discussion

1. Current problems concerning PhD students, the PhD system itself, post-docs and other young researchers

Basically, the same problems occur in both PhD studies and postdoctoral positions:

• absence of representation of young researchers within the french higher education and research system;
• lack of social homogeneity between the classical ?working world? (contracts) and underground activities (grants without social security or pension), the latter being frequently offered to young researchers;
• difficulties to promote the PhD diploma for a better insertion in the private sector
• global lack of interest for scientific issues, that pushes students away from doctoral studies and explains the decrease in funding and number of positions available.

Many observers are now very pessimistic about the future of French research and higher education in this context.

2. Issues for future Eurodoc work

Instead of presenting each year the PhD situation inside each, or some, countries, it will be great to have a presentation of the post-PhD career in academia in each European country: what type of jobs/status, how to apply, which institution, selection process, career development,... Knowing what a career is in other countries could greatly help to the mobility.

References

[1] Rapport sur les etudes doctorales 2000, Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie, 2001
[2] Quelle formation pour les docteurs face aux évolutions du marché du travail. Colloque MSU/IREDU, Dijon 15,16 mars 2002 http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/IREDU/msu2_fichiers/msuactes.pdf
[3] Diversité des post-doctorats et insertion professionnelle des docteurs. Philippe Moguérou. Journée d'étude de l'ODCID (Dispositif d'observations décentralisées des carrières et de l'insertion des docteurs), Direction de la recherche, Mission scientifique universitaire, Paris, 21 novembre 2002. 50pages http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/IREDU/2002/02082.pdf
[4] Livre blanc "Les femmes dans la recherche française", 2002 http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/parite/rapports/frf.htm
[5] Les études doctorales - Evolution de 1991 à 2000 ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/dpd/ni0244.pdf
[6] Etat des lieux 2000 sur la présence des français en science et ingénierie aux Etats-Unis - Les cerveaux, fous d'Amérique ? pas vraiment...", par Erwan Seznec et Dominique Martin-Rovet, CNRS, bureau de Washington, Mai 2001. http://www.cnrs.fr/DRI/Washington/Actualite/FTP/index.html